Earthquake engineering is devoted to moderate the earthquake hazards. It is used to investigate the cause and solutions of damaging earthquake. It is a sub-category of civil engineering and structural engineering. Civil engineering is a kind of engineering needed to design and construct the physical features like buildings, bridges, airports, highways, water supply systems, and so on.

In Structural Engineering, designs are made to hold a building or other structure to resist gravity and to deal with many earthquake problems.Earthquakes can occur anywhere on Earth, but most occur along major tectonic plate boundaries. Most earthquakes are caused by the fracture and sliding of portions of the Earth's crust, which may be hundreds of miles long and sometimes not readily apparent on the ground surface. Earthquakes can cause damage to the environment due to vibratory ground motion, inundation, liquefaction or landslide and hazardous materials release.

A behavior of buildings and structure is subjected to seismic loading. Seismic loading is an application of an earthquake generated disturbance to structure. Seismic loading depends upon Calculating and comparing severity of earthquakes using a seismic scale, investigating existing surface condition and materials, structure parameters, characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami. Seismic loading and performance is related to each other. Seismic performance means if a building is exposed to an earthquake it should maintain its safety. Structure is safe, if it is not harming any lives of those in or around it.

Seismic performance analysis is major tool, which is used for breaking the tough topic into minor parts to get a better understanding of structures. In this analysis, Non-linear modeling of building components such as beam, columns, bean-column joints, shear walls, etc. are required. It should be validated by experimental results in order to ensure the accuracy of analysis.

Seismic vibration control is used to moderate the impacts of seismic in building and non-building structures. When seismic waves start to pierce the base of a building it reduces its energy flow: mostly, about 90%. There are numbers of a way to calm the damaging effects of seismic waves like dispersing the energy, absorbing it with help of mass dumpers, partial suppression of the seismic energy known as base isolation. There are many seismic vibration control technologies today like dry stone walls control, lead rubber bearing, tuned mass dampers, friction pendulum bearing, building elevation control, simple roller bearing, etc.

Failure Mode means the way by which failure occurs like a cracked wall, landslide, inadequate shear walls at the ground, soil liquefaction, Pounding against adjacent building, fewer amount of steel, lack of concrete confinement, and retaining wall failures, etc.Earthquake construction is the act of enforcing seismic design to enable building and non-building structures to resist earthquake vibrations up to the expectation of designers. Structure should have stability, which should give danger when the earthquake occurs. Many Techniques are used like Adobe structure, Limestone and Sandstone structures, Timber frame structures, Reinforced masonry and concrete structures, Prestressed structures and steel structures. These techniques are used in many constructions.